The year changes the likely assembly.
Choose a regional construction era to see common systems, priority clues and the first context checks.
Historic European fabric
Solid masonry, timber floors, lime or mineral finishes and layered urban alterations.
rising moisture confusionrain exposuresalt movement
Open era profile →EU · 1945–1979Reconstruction and mass housing
Concrete, masonry infill, flat roofs and large apartment systems.
thermal bridgesbalcony leakageflat-roof ageing
Open era profile →EU · 1980–2009Insulation and window-upgrade era
Progressive insulation, sealed glazing and external facade systems.
ventilation mismatchETICS defectswindow reveals
Open era profile →EU · 2010–presentHigh-performance European buildings
Airtight construction, mechanical ventilation and high-efficiency heating.
commissioningvapour control interfacesbalcony penetrations
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